A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. The outrage that followed the display by the Winnipeg teachers strongly supports the idea that teachers are implicit moral role models. In addition to features of the school and teacher characteristics, a major part of socialization at school involves students interaction with their peer group. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. The overall socialization of children, as theorized by Bronfenbrenner (see Chapter 2), is dispersed into various realms which focus on the different sites of social context that children experience in their lives. Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. 9. Mathematics and science, for example, are subjects in which males have historically outperformed females. You can help your child work on Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). Zero tolerance policies refer to specific code infractions that result in immediate punishment, usually in the form of suspension or expulsion, and sometimes involving the police. They found that popular girls held the most power and displayed this power in their ability to police the adherence to numerous unspoken rules about other girls dress and behaviour. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2009) were circulated to teachers in order to put creative strategies in place for improving boys literacy. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. Social experiences are required to develop communication and social skills. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. The social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order; the underachievement of boys is an example. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. How will they learn to work in groups and socialize with other students in a learning environment and form co-operative relationships with their peers? Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. An applied stream is called Consumer Mathematics, while the academic stream is called Pre-calculus Mathematics. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. 2007). Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. Sociology of Education in Canada by Dr. Karen L. Robson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. There are many new behaviours and experiences that children must adapt to when starting school for the first time. 2. When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. How do they contribute to student socialization? How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with Medlin (2000) has noted that research on whether or not home schooled children experience adequate socialization is sparse and that which does exist often has hallmarks of poor research design and biased samples. Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. The conflicts that students have with such rules were also highlighted. According to Simmons (2002), there are rules for how good girls act, and participating in overt acts of violence does not conform to this role. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. Other perceived benefits of school uniforms, such as improved student achievement, improved self-esteem (particularly if less well-off students cannot afford the latest fashions), and the overall improvement of the learning environment (Pate 2006), have also been touted as rationales for implementation. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. 10. 2010). This bottom-up approach to decision making has proven to be a very effective one for students who, for various reasons, were not successful in the mainstream system. Give examples of how each works. What group(s) were you in? In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. The exceptions, of course, are private schools and many Catholic schools, where uniforms are traditional. Outside of the core are two rings of moral instruction. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. Because computer use is seen as a masculine activity by both boys and girls (Sokal 2002, 2010), the use of computers in literacy teaching may neutralize the idea that reading is a feminine task. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. What solutions are being offered? Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). How a teacher approaches the issue of gender can have a lasting impact on how children understand the perceived socially acceptable roles for males and females. As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). 2003. http://www.education.alberta.ca/media/645805/srhelapofs.pdf pp. Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. The first zone is called the core. The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. The school as a site of secondary socialization was presented, with the differences between the family (primary socialization) environment and the school environment being highlighted. They were more likely to be found in social service, health, and creative occupations, and were more likely to report participating in cultural and group activities than those who were not home schooled. Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. As he works through arguments on the playground or resolves disagreements at his lunch table, his negotiation skills, problem-solving abilities and self-control develop, reports the Scholastic website. Peer victimization and rejection have been found to be associated with psychological distress that carries over into adulthood (Ambert 1994; Bagwell, Newcomb, and Bukowski 1998; Roff 1990; Roth, Coles, and Heimberg 2002). School dress codes can be a particularly contentious topic, particularly when the dress code rules appear to be targeting particular groups and if they do not appear to be enforced fairly. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. There is also the risk that she may develop a reputation. An inherent message in these codes of dress is that girls covering up keeps male students focused and protects girls personal safety. School uniforms became more widely implemented in the public school system in the United States in the 1980s and 1990s when school policies were put in place in an effort to control gang activities and increase safety at schools (Han 2010). Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Socializationrefers to the ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. incorrect; in the context of education, the expectations that teachers have about their students influence how they behaved toward them, which in turn, influences students motivation and performance. They were also more likely to be married. But curriculum is just one aspect. Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. She notes that while dress code infractions for girls typically are focused on body containment (e.g., showing too much cleavage), for boys it is about containing ethnic or racial identities. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. 3. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996).

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