However, there has also been research in recent years that shows cases of gabapentin abuse are on the rise, particularly among people with opioid use disorder. Rates of diversion have also increased with gabapentin. Not more than 100 milligrams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams; Not more than 100 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams; Not more than 100 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams. Addiction. U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. Synthetic Cannabinoid 24(g.) Benzoylindoles. Yes. Providers are not authorized to prescribe, administer, possess or dispense controlled substances until their SC Controlled Substances Registration is reinstated. Visit DHEC's New Registrations page. The information provided through Addictionresource.net should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease. Substance Abuse. Listing gabapentin as a controlled substance would enhance the ability of the government to track the misuse or abuse of gabapentin. This helps providers and pharmacists notice who may be taking too much of a certain medication and who may be at risk of overdose. Gabapentin (Neurontin) is not a narcotic or federally controlled substance by the DEA as of November 2022, but it is classified as a Schedule V controlled substance in certain states. Any compound containing a 3-phenylacetylindole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by an alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent. A user guide for healthcare facilities subject to these requirements is available from DHECs PMP vendor here. Smith, R., et al. (2012). Including, but not limited, to AKB-48, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, ADB-PINACA. Several states, however, have enacted laws in recent years to list gabapentin as a controlled substance. Select one or more newsletters to continue. The federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) would schedule gabapentin first and then the state BNDD would follow suit. The posted list includes all substances scheduled in accordance with the provisions of SC Code Section 44-53-160, designated by the DHEC Board and transmitted to the General Assembly since the last SC Code update in 2012, as well as the list of scheduled substances currently in the SC Code for Schedules I-V. By providing your email address, you agree to receive emails containing coupons, refill reminders and promotional messages from GoodRx. 100% confidential & free. National Institute on Drug Abuse. At this time, we are not aware of any documents that have 2 0 obj (2022). Replacement of the phenyl portion of the phenethyl group by any monocycle, whether or not further substituted in or on the monocycle; 2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Copyright 2023 AddictionResource.net. Substitution in or on the phenethyl group with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxyl, hydroxyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino or nitro groups; 3. Gomes, T., et al. Any compound containing a 3-(1-adamantoyl)indole structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by a alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, 1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl or 2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the adamantyl ring system to any extent, Including but not limited to: AB-001, AB-002, AM1248. Including, but not limited to, XLR-11, UR-144, A-834735, A-796260, AB-001, AB-005, XLR-11, UR-144, A-834735, A-796260, AB-001, AB-005, 5-bromo-UR-144, 5-chloro-UR-144, 5-fluoro-144, AB-034, 1-[1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine, TCP, Dronabinol in sesame oil and encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule, marinol - synthetic delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tiletamine & Zolazepam Combination Product, [(7R)-4-(5-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-7-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl}{5=methyl-2-(2H-123-triazol-2-yl)phenyl]methanone. An Administrative Consent Order imposes sanctions and, in some cases, monetary fines. Its also sometimes used to treat other health conditions. (iii) a practitioner who experiences temporary technological or electrical failure or other extenuating technical circumstances that prevent a prescription from being transmitted electronically; however, the practitioner must document the reason for this exception in the patient's medical record; Review the full product information and discuss this information and any questions you have with your doctor or other health care provider. Including, but not limited, to STS-135. We are here to provide assistance in locating an Ark Behavioral Health treatment center that may meet your treatment needs. (B) A prescription for a controlled substance included in Schedules II, III, IV, and V that includes elements that are not supported by the most recently implemented version of the National Council for Prescription Drug Programs Prescriber/Pharmacist Interface SCRIPT Standard is exempt from this subsection. The doctor must follow the controlled substance prescription rules WebAny material, compound, mixture, or preparation that is not listed as a controlled substance in Schedule I through V, is not an FDA-approved drug, and contains any quantity of the following substances, their salts, isomers (whether optical, positional, or geometric), Its also approved to treat certain types of seizure disorders. Conduct 75100 indepth, onsite accountability audits of controlled substances stocked by pharmacies, hospitals, and practitioners. But it can have dangerous effects if misused alone or with other drugs. The order requires that a facility's designated representative or an individual practitioner appear at an informal prehearing conference. But several states have passed their own laws limiting the prescribing and sale of it. Gabapentin is FDA-approved to treat a certain type of nerve pain (postherpetic neuralgia). (2018). While it has a But it has a similar structure to a chemical in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We have strict sourcing guidelines and only link to reputable media sites, academic research institutions and, whenever possible, medically peer reviewed studies. Shaw, G. (2022). The list of controlled substances posted on the DHEC website is for informational purposes only. If youre concerned that you or a loved one are abusing gabapentin, we may be able to help. [Accessed November 17, 2020]. How long does gabapentin withdrawal last? Gabapentin is a medication thats used in many medical health conditions. Webcontrolled substances. Synthetic cannabinoids.--24. Talk to your healthcare provider about the risks of gabapentin before taking it. (2015). At that time, it wasnt known to cause addiction or dependence. Including, but not limited to, JWH-307, JWH-370, JWH-176. 34-20B-3.1 Controlled substance analogue. (2018). If you believe you have a medical emergency, you should immediately call 911. 34-20B-11 Criteria for inclusion of substance in Schedule I. We're here to help. If you or someone you know struggles with substance use, help is available. All Rights Reserved. Not more than 300 milligrams of ethylmorphine per 100 milliliters or not more than 15 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts. N-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methoxy-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide(cyclopropyl fentanyl), its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, MT-45 (1-cyclohexyl-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine), methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenyltetrahydrofuran-2-carboxamide, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, 2-methoxy-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacrylamide, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and ethers, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1- phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide (4-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl or parafluoroisobutyryl fentanyl), Dronabinol [(-)-delta-9-trans tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC)] in an oral solution, N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylfuran-2-carboxamide, 3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide, (4-(methoxycarbonyl)-4-(N-phenmethoxyacetamido)-1-[2-(thienyl)ethyl]piperidine), ((2S)-2-[4R)-2-oxo-4-propypyrrolidin-1-yl] butanamide)Brivaracetam, 3,4-dichloro-N-[(1-dimethylamino)cyclohexylmethyl]benzamide, N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbutyramide, N-[1-[2-hydroxy-2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]-N-phenylpriopionamide. This is especially true with higher doses. Some examples in each schedule are outlined below. Synthetic Cannabinoids: Quinolinyl-Indole Carboxylates. That includes brand name versions such as: As of 2022, just a handful of states in the U.S. have enacted legislation to list the anti-seizure medication as a Schedule V controlled substance. This page does not provide medical advice. (A) If a person is administered an opioid antidote in a hospital emergency department or other health care facility and the supervising physician diagnoses the patient as having experienced an opioid overdose, the health care facility, as defined in Section 44-7-130, shall report to the department's Bureau of Drug Control information regarding the opioid antidote administered for inclusion in the prescription monitoring program. Last updated on Dec 5, 2022. The opioid antidote administration reporting law is effective as of January 1, 2021, and is provided below. Web37 (1) The controlled substance is to be administered to a patient in a health care 38 setting, hospital, nursing home, outpatient dialysis facility, or residential care 39 facility, 34-20B-10 Scheduled substances to be controlled--Nomenclature in schedules. Mattson, C., et al. Certain seizure drugs and migraine treatments are also found in Schedule V. The states that classify gabapentin as a Schedule V controlled substance include*: Gabapentin also requires reporting of prescriptions in several states, which means it is included in the states prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) system. (2021). Any compound containing an Indazole-3-carboxamide structure with substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indazole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, halobenzyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (1-(N-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl, (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl or (morpholinyl) ethyl group, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent. Prescription CNS depressants DrugFacts. Gabapentin can cause euphoria (an extremely good feeling) or a high. It can also cause you to feel very relaxed. This means the risk of addiction is low compared to other controlled substances. GoodRx is not sponsored by or affiliated with any of the third-party brands identified. Superseded. In 2021, it was one of the most commonly used medications in the U.S. Gabapentin was originally FDA-approved in 1993. In general, medications classified as Schedule V (Schedule 5) controlled substances are considered to have the lowest potential for abuse compared to other controlled schedules, but may still pose a risk of addiction or misuse. Schedule (2) name, address, and date of birth of the person to whom the opioid antidote was administered. Not more than 50 milligrams of morphine per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams with one or more active, non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts. Gabapentin for off-label use: Evidence-based or cause for concern? Call our helpline today to learn more about gabapentin abuse and available treatment options at an addiction treatment center near you. Lyrica vs Gabapentin: What's the difference? Florida Yes. Not more than one milligram of difenoxin and not less than twenty-five micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit. GENERAL DISCLAIMER: Addictionresource.net is designed for educational purposes only and is not engaged in rendering medical advice. Controlled Substances Act, Removal of [123I]ioflupane from Schedule II of the S.C. And 12 other states require stricter reporting on gabapentin prescriptions. Azelastine, orphenadrine, oxomemazine, paraldehyde, and thalidomide are generally contraindicated in patients taking gabapentin; as such, individuals taking these medications will be excluded Women of childbearing potential who are pregnant, lactating, or refuse adequate forms of contraception Current suicidal or homicidal risk Synthetic Cannabinoid: Indole -3-carboxamides. To date, at Prescription Monitoring Program - SCRIPTS, 2-(ethylamino)-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexan-1-one, [(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-pregnan-20-one), 4,4-Dimethylaminorex; 4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-2-oxazolamine; 4-methyl-5-(4- methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-2-amine, 3-[[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxyethyl]- amino]carbonyl]-1-[[[[(2R)-2-[(1R)-2-methoxy-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl]-1- piperidinyl]carbonyl]oxy]methyl]pyridinium chloride, Ethyl (1-phenethylpiperidin-4- yl)(phenyl)carbamate (fentanyl carbamate), N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1- phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acrylamide (ortho-fluoroacryl fentanyl), N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)isobutyramide (ortho-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl), N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1- phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)furan-2-carboxamide (para-fluoro furanyl fentanyl), N-(1-(4-methylphenethyl)piperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylacetamide (4-methyl acetyl fentanyl), N-phenyl-N-(1-(2- phenylpropyl)piperidin-4- yl)propionamide (b-methyl fentanyl), N-(2-fluorophenyl)-N-(1- phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide (ortho-fluorobutyryl fentanyl; 2-fluorobutyryl fentanyl), N-(2-methylphenyl)-N-(1- phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide (ortho-methyl acetylfentanyl; 2-methyl acetylfentanyl), 2-methoxy-N-(2-methylphenyl)-N- (1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide (ortho-methylmethoxyacetylfentanyl; 2-methyl methoxyacetyl fentanyl), N-(4-methylphenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)propionamide (para-methylfentanyl; 4- methylfentanyl), N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbenzamide (phenyl fentanyl; benzoyl fentanyl), N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylthiophene-2-carboxamide (thiofuranyl fentanyl; 2-thiofuranyl fentanyl; thiophene fentanyl), Oliceridine N-[(3- methoxythiophen-2-yl)methyl] ({2- [(9R)-9-(pyridin-2-yl)-6- oxaspiro [4.5]decan-9-yl]ethyl})amine fumarate, Crotonyl fentanyl ((E)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylbut-2-enamide), Remimazolam (4H-imidazol[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-4-propionic acid, 8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(2-pyridinyl)-(4S)- methyl ester, benzenesulfonate (1:1) or methyl 3-[(4S)-8-bromo-1-methyl-6- pyridin-2-yl-4H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4yl]propanoate benzenesulfonic acid), N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4 isopropoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1Hbenzimidazol-1-yl)ethan-1-amine, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and ethers (Other names: isotonitazene; N,N-diethyl-2-[[4- (1-methylethoxy)phenyl]methyl]- 5-nitro-1H-benzimidazole-1- ethanamine), N-phenyl-N- (piperidin-4-yl)propionamide (norfentanyl), Cenobamate ([(1R)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(tetrazol-2-yl)ethyl] carbamate; 2H-tetrazole-2-ethanol, alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-, carbamate (ester), (alphaR)-; carbamic acid (R)-(+)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2H-tetrazol-2-yl)ethyl ester), Lemborexant (1R,2S)-2-[(2,4-dimethylpyrimidin-5-yl)oxymethyl]-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-(5- fluoropyridin-2-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxamide. Processing time is approximately 12-15 business days. Dihydrocodeine - Not more than 1.8 grams of dihydrocodeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts. Gabapentin or pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR) can increase the euphoria (high) felt when combined with opioids, including fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and heroin. In order to reinstate an expired registration, a new application must be submitted with a payment of the registration fee plus a $100 penalty fee. Including, but not limited to, CP 47,497 (and homologues), cannabicyclohexanol, CP-55, 940. Ahmed, S., et al. These include: Some states believe that gabapentin use has significant risks. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/969829, https://www.pharmacytoday.org/article/S1042-0991(21)00730-1/fulltext#relatedArticles, https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a694007.html, https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/gabapentin.pdf, Gabapentin Detox: Withdrawal And Side Effects. 100% confidential. N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)-N-phenylpentanamide, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters and, N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-(1-phenethylpiperidin-4-yl)butyramide, its isomers, esters, ethers, salts and salts of isomers, esters. Anyone violating the law can be sentenced to one year in jail and pay $10,000 in fines. Some audits are performed randomly and routinely even though no problems are suspected or anticipated. Oregon Health Authority. Gabapentin. Not more than 500 milligrams of opium per 100 milliliters or per 100 grams, or not more than 25 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts. Providers are not authorized to prescribe, administer, possess or dispense controlled substances until their SC Controlled Substances Registration is reinstated. Risk to heroin users of polydrug use of pregabalin or gabapentin. WebUnderstanding why gabapentin is a controlled substance isnt easy because the medication doesnt affect the same receptors in the brain that opioids do. 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The mandatory e-prescribing law is effective as of January 1, 2021, and is provided below. We receive 750 to 1,000 complaints each year involving diversion of controlled substances from legal outlets. Dosage forms of Dextropropoxyphene [Alpha-(+)-4-dimethylamino-1, 2-diphenyl-3-methyl-2-propionoxybutane]. Physiology, GABA. Abuse and diversion of gabapentin among nonmedical prescription opioid users in Appalachian Kentucky. Lennox, R., et al. The first two states to pass laws about the regulation of gabapentin were Kentucky and Michigan. Kentucky first declared gabapentin to be a controlled substance after more than one-third of their drug overdose deaths in 2016 involved the medication. Michigan listed it as a Schedule V drug to help fight the opioid epidemic in the state. (a) Fentanyl-related substance means any substance that is structurally related to fentanyl by one or more of the following modifications: 1. Yasaei, R., et al. 34-20B-4.1 Anabolic steroid defined. NPs must maintain a written collaborative agreement for prescriptive authority. Not more than 1.8 grams of codeine per 100 milliliters or not more than 90 milligrams per dosage unit, with one or more active, non-narcotic ingredients in recognized therapeutic amounts. All Rights Reserved. SPA [(-)-1-Dimethylamino-1, 2-diphenylethane], Not more than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliter or per 100 grams. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gabapentin. 2019 South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. The group argues that gabapentin should be reclassified, saying it [has] marked potential for abuse with serious consequences that include psychological effects, physical dependence, seizures, suicide, and overdose death.. [=S=cUx^JW&*kMuTS|z}?~vS)04eH=9 . endobj If you are having difficulty accessing this website, please call or email us at (855) 268-2822 or ada@goodrx.com so that we can provide you with the services you require through alternative means. Written by the Addiction Resource Editorial Staff. You can limit the side effects and risks of taking gabapentin by: Following the directions given by your healthcare provider, Avoiding alcohol or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, like benzodiazepines, Avoiding gabapentin if you have a history of substance use disorder. Lasmiditan (2,4,6-trifluoro-N-(6-(1-methylpiperidine-4-carbonyl)pyridine-2-yl-benzamide) and its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers. These include restless leg syndrome, anxiety, and alcohol withdrawal. AKB-48, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, ADB-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, THJ-2201, 5-Fluoro-AMB, 13-beta-ethyl-17beta-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one, 17-alpha-methyl-3alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane, 17-alpha-methyl-3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane, 17-alpha-methyl-3beta,17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-ene, 17-alpha-methyl-delta1-dihydrotestosterone, 3-alpha,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane, 3-beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane, 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl) ethanamine, 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine, 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetoxypiperidine, 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)-prophylphenyl) ethanamine, 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl) ethanamine, 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitro-phenyl) ethanamine, 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine, 2-(4-ethylthio-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl) ethanamine, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)propylthiophenethylamine, Pyrrolidine analog of phencyclidine, PHP, PCPy. Official answer by Drugs.com Gabapentin (Neurontin) is not a narcotic or federally controlled substance by the DEA as of In most cases, the BDC and the DHEC legal office issue a Notice of Administrative Conference. In February 2022, the nonprofit advocacy group Public Citizen filed a petition with the DEA and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (i) a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, who dispenses directly to the ultimate user; | Neurontin Addiction Potential, mixing it with other drugs to enhance effects, going to multiple doctors for prescription refills, Medscape FDA, DEA Pushed to Make Gabapentin a Controlled Substance, Pharmacy Today More states make gabapentin a Schedule V Controlled Substance, U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus Gabapentin, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Gabapentin (neurontin). Gabapentin isnt a controlled substance according to the federal government. Under the federal Controlled Substances Act, gabapentin is not listed as a controlled substance. For instance, research shows gabapentin may increase the risk of sedation and overdose death when mixed with CNS depressants like opioids and benzodiazepines. GoodRx Health has strict sourcing policies and relies on primary sources such as medical organizations, governmental agencies, academic institutions, and peer-reviewed scientific journals. Web34-20B-3 Controlled drug or substance defined. Individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the elderly are also at risk of dying from this combination. Pentazocine hydrochloride and acetaminophen, pentazocine hydrochloride and aspirin, and pentazocine and naloxone hydrochloride (all for oral administration only). According to the CDC, gabapentin was detected in almost 10% of overdose cases from 2019 to 2020. WebIn seven states, gabapentin is classified as a schedule V controlled substance (including AL, KY, MI, ND, TN, VA, and WV). Studies have found that this combination can be dangerous. Assuming your doctor is licensed to practice in his/her state and also has a valid DEA number, you can fill a controlled substance prescription written by them in any state. Gabapentin: Abuse, dependence, and withdrawal. (j) DHEC. stream Pharmacy Today. Updated Definition of Substiuted Cathinones to include underlined portion: (4) Substituted Cathinones, Any compound (not being bupropion) structurally derived from 2-amino-1-phenyl-1-propanone by modification in any of the following ways: (a) by substitution in the phenyl ring to any extent with alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkylendioxy, haloalkyl, or halide subsituents, whether or not further substituted in the phenyl ring by one or more univalent substituents; (b) by substitution at the 3-position with an alkyl substituent; (c) by substitution at the nitrogen atom with alkyl or dialkyl groups, benzyl, or methoxybenzyl groups; or (d) by inclusion of the nitrogen atom in a cyclic structure.

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